A-Z
A
Analog Oscilloscope
Domain: Electronics / Test and Measurement
An Analog Oscilloscope displays signals in real-time using a cathode-ray tube (CRT), providing an immediate visual representation of voltage variations over time. Valued for their ability to show rapidly changing signals, analog oscilloscopes are used in applications where high-speed display response is critical.
See also: Oscilloscope
Arduino
Domain: Embedded Systems and Electronics.
Origin: Italian, named after a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where the founders of the Arduino project used to meet.
Arduino refers to an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. Users can tell their board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board through the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino Development Environment (based on Processing). Arduino was designed to be accessible to beginners and flexible enough for advanced users, ideal for rapid prototyping and educational projects.
Links:Arduino Official Website
B
Brick/Bricking
Domain: Electronics/Software Engineering
To brick or bricking a device refers to the process or event that renders an electronic device completely unusable, often due to a failed software or firmware update. When a device is bricked, it typically cannot function at all and may not even start up, effectively turning it into a "brick." This can happen through improper flashing of firmware, corrupt software updates, or hardware failures. The term emphasizes the severity of the damage, indicating that the device is as useful as a brick. Some bricked devices can be recovered through advanced troubleshooting techniques, but others may be permanently damaged.
C
CPU
Domain: Computer Science
Pronunciation: "See-Pee-You"
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is the primary component of a computer that performs most of the processing inside a computer. Acting as the "brain" of the computer, it executes instructions from programs and operating systems, performing arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The CPU's performance is influenced by its clock speed, core count, and architecture. It interacts with other components such as memory, storage, and peripherals to execute tasks and processes, making it crucial for the overall operation of the computer system.
See also: MPU
D
Debugger
Domain: Software Engineering
A debugger is a software tool used by programmers to test and debug other programs. It allows the user to run a program step by step, pause execution to examine current state, and modify program variables to analyze behavior. Debuggers provide functionalities such as setting breakpoints, watching variables, and viewing call stacks to identify and fix bugs in the code. They are essential in the software development process, helping developers to understand the flow of a program and the source of errors, thereby increasing the quality and reliability of software.
Debugging
Domain: Software Engineering / Computing
Debugging is the process of identifying, analyzing, and removing errors or bugs from computer software or hardware. It involves running the program or system, observing its behavior, and using various techniques and tools to isolate and fix issues. Debugging is a critical step in the software development lifecycle, aiming to ensure that the system operates as intended. Techniques can range from simple print statement inspections to using sophisticated debuggers that allow step-by-step execution and state inspection. The goal of debugging is to enhance the reliability, performance, and correctness of the software or hardware system.
Directory
Domain: Computer Science.
See Folder.
Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope (DPO)
Domain: Electronics / Test and Measurement
A Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope (DPO) uses digital signal processing to emulate the display characteristics of analog phosphor oscilloscopes, offering a high update rate, intensity grading, and color displays. DPOs are especially useful for analyzing complex dynamic signals and transient events that are difficult to capture with other types of oscilloscopes.
See also: Oscilloscope
Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
Domain: Electronics / Test and Measurement
A Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) captures and stores digital representations of waveforms, allowing for advanced analysis and prolonged viewing. DSOs are characterized by their ability to store and analyze data in digital format, making it easier to capture transient signals and perform precise measurements. Ideal for applications requiring detailed waveform analysis over time.
See also: Oscilloscope
E
EPROM
Domain: Electronics
Pronunciation: "E-prom"
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store code or data that does not need to change frequently. Unlike EEPROM, EPROM can be erased by exposing it to strong ultraviolet (UV) light for a certain period, then reprogrammed with a special device called a programmer. This makes it useful for prototyping and updating firmware or software in hardware that does not require frequent updates.
EEPROM
Domain: Electronics
Pronunciation: "E-squared-prom", "E-E-prom", "Double E prom", or "E-squared"
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory. It is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed. Unlike EPROM, EEPROM can be written and erased electrically, allowing data to be stored and modified without removing the chip from its device. It is widely used for storage of small code segments, device configurations, and calibration data.
Embedded Software
Domain: Computing / Electronics
Embedded Software is the programming code written to control and manage the specific functions of an embedded system or device. This software directly interacts with hardware through low-level programming and is optimized for specific tasks within its hosting environment, often requiring real-time performance. Unlike general-purpose software, embedded software is designed to operate with limited computing resources and under strict operational constraints.
While closely related to firmware, embedded software differs in scope; firmware typically refers to the low-level code directly managing hardware components, serving as the device's "fixed" software layer. In contrast, embedded software can encompass both this low-level control and higher-level application logic within an embedded device. Together, they form the critical software foundation of embedded systems, but their roles and levels of abstraction can vary significantly.
Embedded System
Domain: Computing / Electronics
An Embedded System is a specialized computing system designed to perform dedicated functions or tasks within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. Unlike general-purpose computers, such as PCs, embedded systems are optimized for specific applications and thus, can be simpler, more power-efficient, and more cost-effective. They are ubiquitous in modern life, found in various devices like household appliances, automobiles, medical devices, and industrial machines.
F
Firmware
Domain: Computing / Electronics
Firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-level control for a device's specific hardware. It can be thought of as the software that directly interfaces with, and controls, the hardware of a device. Firmware is typically stored in non-volatile memory devices such as ROM, EPROM, or flash memory, allowing it to be retained without power. It provides the necessary instructions for how the device communicates with other hardware components or performs basic tasks. Unlike software that can be easily modified or updated, firmware is often designed to be less frequently updated but may be updated through a process known as flashing. See also embedded software.
Flash (Memory)
Domain: Electronics
Flash memory is a type of non-volatile storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is used for storing data and code in a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, USB drives, and memory cards. Flash memory offers fast read speeds and better shock resistance compared to hard drives, making it ideal for portable devices. Its ability to retain data without power and endure a large number of write cycles has made it a pivotal technology in the field of digital storage.
Flash (Verb)
Domain: Electronics/Software Engineering
To flash in the context of memory writing refers to the process of updating or programming the firmware or data stored on flash memory devices. This is typically done by copying a binary file to the memory chip using a special tool or software. Flashing is common in devices like microcontrollers, smartphones, and embedded systems, allowing them to receive software updates, fix bugs, or change operating systems. The process requires careful execution to prevent "bricking" the device, rendering it unusable due to incorrect or interrupted flashing.
Folder
Domain: Computer Science.
A folder, also known as a directory in file systems, is a virtual container within a computer's storage system used to organize files and other folders. It enables users and programs to manage and structure data efficiently, allowing for hierarchical storage paths that reflect organizational logic or project structure. Folders can contain files, other folders, or a combination of both, and they are accessible through file system paths which denote their location on the storage medium.
G
GPIO
Domain: Electronics / Computing
A General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) is a generic pin on an integrated circuit whose behavior (including whether it is an input or output pin) can be controlled (programmed) by the user at runtime. GPIOs are widely used in microcontrollers, microprocessors, and other electronic devices to interact with other hardware. They can be used for a wide range of purposes, including reading digital inputs (e.g., whether a button is pressed), driving LEDs, and communicating with other devices through more complex protocols implemented in software.
H
Hallucination
Domain: Artificial Intelligence
A phenomenon in AI, particularly in natural language processing and generation, where a model generates false or misleading information that does not align with the input data or expected output. It often occurs in complex language models like GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) during tasks such as text generation, summarization, or translation. AI hallucinations raise challenges for reliability and accuracy, necessitating strategies for mitigation in critical applications.
Handheld Oscilloscope
Domain: Electronics / Test and Measurement
A Handheld Oscilloscope offers portability and convenience for field testing and diagnostics. These battery-operated devices combine the functionality of oscilloscopes with the mobility needed for on-site troubleshooting in various environments, from industrial settings to remote locations.
See also: Oscilloscope
I
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
Domain: Electronics / Communication Protocol
Proprietary: NXP (originally Philips Semiconductors)
Pronunciation: "Eye-Two-See" or "Eye Squared See"
I2C is a serial communication protocol used for short-distance, intra-board communication. Developed by Philips Semiconductors (now NXP Semiconductors) in the early 1980s, it facilitates communication between integrated circuits (ICs) via a two-wire interface, consisting of a serial data line (SDA) and a serial clock line (SCL). I2C supports multiple master and slave devices, allowing one master device to communicate with multiple slave devices on the same bus. It is widely used in embedded systems for controlling sensors, LCDs, and other peripherals due to its simplicity and efficiency in connecting multiple devices with minimal wiring.
Links:Specification UM10204
ICE
Domain: Electronics/Embedded Systems
Pronunciation: "I-C-E"
ICE stands for In-Circuit Emulator. It is a powerful development and debugging tool used in the design and testing of embedded systems. ICE enables developers to debug and test firmware on a target microcontroller or microprocessor without altering the actual hardware. It achieves this by emulating the behavior of the target CPU, allowing full control over its operation. Features typically include the ability to set breakpoints, step through code, inspect memory and registers, and simulate conditions. ICE is invaluable for complex embedded system development, providing a real-time and high-fidelity environment for thorough testing and debugging.
IDE
Domain: Software Engineering
Origin: Acronym for Integrated Development Environment
An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE typically includes a source code editor, build automation tools, and a debugger. Some IDEs also contain a compiler, interpreter, or both, and advanced features like code suggestions, version control integration, and various extensions to simplify the development process. IDEs are designed to maximize programmer productivity by providing tight-knit components with a user-friendly interface. Popular examples include Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, and Eclipse.
J-K
L
Library
Domain: Software Engineering.
A library in software development is a collection of precompiled routines, functions, or classes that a program can use to perform specific tasks, thereby avoiding the need to rewrite commonly used code. Libraries are designed to provide a means to share, optimize, and standardize code across different projects or applications. They can be linked to software in either a static or dynamic way: static libraries are included at compile time, while dynamic libraries (or shared libraries) are loaded at run time. This modularity facilitates code reuse, simplifies development, and enhances maintainability.
Logic Analyzer (LA)
Domain: Electronics / Digital Debugging
A Logic Analyzer (LA) is an electronic instrument used to capture and display digital signals from digital circuits. It is primarily used for observing the relationship between digital signals and troubleshooting complex digital systems. Logic analyzers can capture data from multiple channels simultaneously at high speed, allowing engineers to analyze the timing, protocol, and logic states of a digital system's operation. This tool is indispensable in the design, testing, and debugging of electronic systems, helping engineers to verify and optimize their designs or diagnose problems.
M
MCU
Domain: Electronics/Embedded Systems
Pronunciation: "Em-See-You"
MCU stands for Microcontroller Unit. It is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. MCUs are characterized by having a processor core, memory (both RAM and flash), and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip. They are used in various applications, including appliances, vehicles, mobile phones, and medical devices, to perform control, monitoring, and data processing tasks. MCUs are favored for their small size, low cost, and power efficiency, making them ideal for many electronic projects and products.
Microwire
Domain: Electronics
Proprietary: National Semiconductor
A serial communication interface developed by National Semiconductor.
Microwire is used primarily for connecting integrated circuits in low-bandwidth or control-oriented environments.
It is a three-wire interface consisting of Serial Data Input (SDI), Serial Data Output (SDO), and Serial Clock (CLK) lines, facilitating simple, synchronous serial data exchange between microcontrollers and peripheral devices such as shift registers, display drivers, and ADCs.
Mixed Signal Oscilloscope (MSO)
Domain: Electronics / Test and Measurement
A Mixed Signal Oscilloscope (MSO) combines the functionality of a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) with that of a logic analyzer, enabling simultaneous observation and analysis of both analog and digital signals. This type is particularly useful for debugging embedded systems where analog signals interact with digital data streams.
See also: Oscilloscope
Mono-repo
Domain: Software Engineering
A mono-repo refers to a version control strategy where the codebases for multiple projects are stored in a single repository. This approach facilitates easier dependency management, streamlined code sharing and reuse, and simplified project governance. Despite potential challenges with scaling and build performance, many organizations leverage mono-repos to enhance collaboration and maintain consistency across diverse projects.
MPU
Domain: Electronics/Computer Engineering
Pronunciation: "Em-Pee-You"
MPU stands for Microprocessor Unit. It is the central component of a computer system that executes arithmetic and logic operations that make up computer programs. Unlike Microcontroller Units (MCUs), MPUs typically do not include internal memory and input/output interfaces on the chip. They rely on external connections for these functions, making them more flexible but also requiring more external components for operation. MPUs are used in complex computing environments, such as personal computers, servers, and networking equipment, where higher processing power and customization of peripheral components are required.
See also: CPU
MUX (Multiplexer)
Domain: Electronics
Pronunciation: /mʌks/
A multiplexer (MUX) is an electronic device that selects one of several analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input to a single output line. This device is used in applications where it is necessary to perform data selection, channel routing, and bandwidth conservation by combining multiple signals over one data line or medium. The selection of the input is controlled by additional inputs called select lines. MUXes are essential components in digital and communication systems, allowing for more efficient use of resources by sharing a single device or resource among multiple input sources.
N
NVMEM (Non-Volatile Memory)
Domain: Computing / Electronics
Pronunciation: "En-Vee-Mem"
A Non-Volatile Memory (NVMEM) is a type of memory that retains its data even when power is turned off, in contrast to volatile memory like RAM, which requires power to maintain the stored information. NVMEM is used for long-term persistent storage. Examples include flash memory, EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), and NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory). It is essential in applications ranging from simple settings storage in electronic devices to the main storage for operating systems in computers and smartphones.
NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory)
Domain: Computing / Electronics
Pronunciation: "En-Vee-Ram"
Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory (NVRAM) is a type of memory that retains its data after the system's power is turned off, combining the speed of RAM with the persistence of non-volatile memory. It finds applications in storing configuration settings and certain types of data that must be preserved across reboots and power losses. Two common methods to maintain data in NVRAM are through battery backup, where a small battery keeps the memory powered during system off states, and supercapacitors, which can provide enough power to maintain the data for a limited time during power loss or when the system is turned off. NVRAM is crucial for devices that require immediate access to certain data upon power up, without the latency of reloading from slower, non-volatile storage media.
O
Oscilloscope
Domain: Electronics / Test and Measurement
An Oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time. It is essential for observing the waveform of electrical signals, enabling engineers and technicians to measure the frequency, amplitude, and timing of signals for troubleshooting, design, and testing of electronic circuits. Oscilloscopes vary in type, including Digital Storage (DSO), Mixed Signal (MSO), Digital Phosphor (DPO), Analog, Handheld, and PC-Based oscilloscopes, each tailored to specific needs and applications.
Subtypes include:
P
PC-Based Oscilloscope
Domain: Electronics / Test and Measurement
A PC-Based Oscilloscope utilizes a personal computer for display and analysis, connecting via interfaces like USB. This type leverages the computational power, storage, and display capabilities of a PC, offering a flexible and cost-effective solution for signal analysis. Suitable for applications requiring detailed analysis and extensive data storage.
See also: Oscilloscope
PlatformIO
Domain: Software Development
PlatformIO is an open-source ecosystem for IoT development that integrates with multiple IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) such as Visual Studio Code, Atom, CLion, and more. It supports over a thousand embedded boards, frameworks, and libraries. PlatformIO offers a cross-platform build system, library management, continuous integration, and other tools to facilitate professional embedded software development. Its versatility and comprehensive toolset make it a popular choice among developers working on IoT, embedded systems, and cross-platform applications.
Links:PlatformIO Official Website
Q
R
Repo
Domain: Software Engineering.
A repo or repository in the context of version control, is a central file storage location where developers can store, track, and share code changes. It serves as the backbone for version control systems like Git, facilitating collaboration among developers by allowing them to branch off, commit changes, and merge code. Repositories can be hosted on platforms such as GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket, providing tools for issue tracking, pull requests, and code review to enhance project management and quality.
S
Sketch
Domain: Embedded Systems, specifically related to Arduino development.
A Sketch in Arduino terminology refers to the code written and uploaded to an Arduino board. It is the program that runs on the Arduino microcontroller. Written in a language based on C/C++, a sketch follows a basic structure with two main functions: setup(), which
Sketchbook
Domain: Embedded Systems, specifically related to Arduino development.
Origin: Arduino, open-source electronics platform.
A Sketchbook in the context of Arduino is a special folder on a user's computer where Arduino IDE stores all of the user's sketches and libraries.
Sketches are programs written using the Arduino IDE, designed to be uploaded to an Arduino
Sub-1GHz
Domain: Wireless Communications.
Sub-1GHz refers to radio frequencies below 1 gigahertz (GHz) in the electromagnetic spectrum, commonly utilized in wireless communication technologies. This frequency range is prized for its ability to provide longer range and better penetration through obstacles like walls and foliage compared to higher frequency bands. It is widely used in applications such as home automation, smart metering, and long-range sensor networks, where power efficiency and wide coverage are crucial. Technologies operating in the Sub-1GHz band include but are not limited to LoRa, Zigbee, and certain forms of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth that are designed for low power and long range.
T-Z
XIP (eXecute In Place)
Domain: Embedded Systems
Pronunciation: "Ex-Eye-Pee"
Execute in place refers to code that is fetched directly from non-volatile storage, and not loaded into RAM prior to execution.
This was common practice where firmware was stored in a ROM (typically EPROM) that resided directly on the processors bus.
Non-Alphabetic
No entries yet
Last updated